Which of the following contributed to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?

The decline of the Byzantine Empire was significantly influenced by the loss of trade dominance. At its height, the Byzantine Empire was a central hub for trade, thanks to its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. This allowed it to control key trade routes and accumulate wealth. However, as rival states grew stronger and alternative trade routes were established, particularly after the discovery of new sea routes by Western European powers, the Byzantines lost their economic advantage.

The loss of trade dominance not only weakened the empire financially but also diminished its influence in regional politics. A decline in revenue meant that the empire struggled to maintain its military and administrative capabilities, which were crucial for defending its borders and governing its diverse population. This economic downturn contributed to internal strife and made the empire more vulnerable to external threats.

In contrast, options like diplomatic strength, geographical expansion, and increased agricultural production did not directly contribute to the decline. While diplomatic efforts were present, they could not offset the economic disadvantages faced by the empire. Similarly, geographical expansion was limited by military challenges, and agricultural production improvements did not translate effectively into political or economic stability in the face of larger systemic issues such as trade decline.