Who controlled the caliphate during the period mentioned?

The correct response identifies the Seljuks as the power that controlled the caliphate during the specified period. The Seljuk Empire was a major force in the Middle East from the 11th to the 14th centuries, significantly influencing Islamic culture and politics. They played a pivotal role in the political landscape of the Islamic world by extending their territory and supporting the Abbasid caliphs, acting as protectors of the caliphate and helping to restore its political authority during a time of fragmentation.

The Seljuks established their dominance over much of Persia and parts of the Middle East, promoting stability and encouraging cultural and intellectual developments. This era saw the flourishing of science, art, and education, heavily supported by Seljuk patronage. Their rule is characterized by the consolidation of power and the administration of the caliphate, which they maintained in collaboration with the Abbasid rulers in Baghdad, even while exerting considerable control themselves.

Understanding the Seljuks' role provides insight into the complexities of Islamic governance during this critical historical period, highlighting how various groups influenced the political dynamics of the region.